Emerging Swarm Intelligence Algorithms and Their Applications in Antenna Design: The GWO, WOA, and SSA Optimizers

Swarm Intelligence (SI) Algorithms imitate the collective behavior of various swarms or groups in nature. In this work, three representative examples SI algorithms have been selected and thoroughly described, namely Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), Salp (SSA). Firstly, are reviewed literature, specifically for optimization problems antenna design. Secondly, a comparative study is performed against widely known test functions. Thirdly, such applied to synthesis linear arrays optimizing peak sidelobe level (pSLL). Numerical tests show that WOA outperforms GWO SSA algorithms, as well well-known Particle (PSO), terms average ranking. Finally, exploited solving more computational complex problem concerned with an dual-band aperture-coupled E-shaped operating 5G frequency bands.